Botox Clinic New Westminster

Botox Clinic New Westminster

Botox for forehead wrinkles

After exploring the range of anti-aging treatments, it's crucial to understand how personalized skincare regimens can further enhance your skin's health and appearance. Learn more about New Westminster Botox Clinic here. Botox for forehead wrinkles It's not just about the visible changes; it's about the joy and newfound confidence each client experiences. Using state-of-the-art diagnostic tools, we'll capture detailed images and measurements to precisely tailor our services to your needs. Learn more about Botox Clinic New Westminster here Ideally, this treatment is tailored for women who've experienced changes in their vaginal health due to childbirth, aging, or hormonal variations.
A friendly staff member will assist you in finding a suitable time and answer any questions you might've about the services or the clinic itself. Infection risk is minimal since the procedure uses your blood, reducing the likelihood of adverse reactions. When comparing Evolve-X to other body sculpting methods, it's evident that its unique safety and comfort features set it apart.
Our team of experts is here to guide you through each treatment option, helping you make informed decisions about your care. The beauty of PRP therapy is that it's minimally invasive, involves minimal downtime, and uses your body's natural elements to stimulate hair growth. While Morpheus 8 Resurfacing focuses on rejuvenating your skin from the outside, let's explore how PRP (Platelet-Rich Plasma) therapy works to enhance healing and restoration from within.
The process begins with a simple blood draw from your arm. The best part? Depending on the procedure, you might be given protective eyewear to shield your eyes from bright flashes of light.

You'll also be given instructions on how to maintain hygiene in the treated area. Botox injections for acne scars Steer clear of any harsh products or exfoliants for at least a week. Building on their commitment to personalized care, Manhas Health Co. Botox for migraines offers a comprehensive range of aesthetic services to meet your every need. With Evolve-X, you're in control, and the journey to achieving your ideal body becomes a collaborative effort between you and your practitioner.

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Choosing Evolve-X for your body sculpting journey can revolutionize the way you look and feel, offering immediate and long-term benefits that go beyond conventional methods. You'll notice substantial improvement in skin firmness and a reduction in pore size. Moreover, our microneedling services stimulate collagen production, essential for maintaining the skin's elasticity and firmness.

Let's help you achieve your aesthetic goals with the precision and care you deserve. This treatment is particularly effective for acne scars, stretch marks, and overall skin rejuvenation. Staying hydrated is key for healing, so make sure you're drinking plenty of water.

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Building on our advanced aesthetic treatments, we now turn our focus to crafting skincare solutions that are perfectly suited to your individual needs. Here, you'll find an easy-to-use scheduling tool that allows you to select the date and time that works best for you. Don't worry; this warmth is generally comfortable and indicates the procedure is working as intended.

Where to get Botox in New Westminster

The area now known as New Westminster was originally inhabited by Kwantlen First Nation The discovery of gold in BC and the arrival of gold seekers from the south prompted fear amongst the settlers that Americans may invade to take over this land.

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Nearby Tourist Attractions

Serpentine Hollow

Guildford
Tourist attraction, Park, Hiking area
Serpentine Hollow, Surrey, BC V4N 5M1

Buntzen Lake Floating Bridge

Tourist attraction
Buntzen Lake Floating Bridge, Anmore, BC

Unwin Park

Newton
Tourist attraction, Baseball, Park
Unwin Park, 13313 68 Ave, Surrey, BC V3W 2E8

Chimney Heights Park

East Newton North
Tourist attraction, Recreation, Park
Chimney Heights Park, 7200 146b St, Surrey, BC V3S 8Y7
Overlooking the mountains, this park offers a baseball diamond, soccer field & open space.

Stanley Park

Tourist attraction, Park
Stanley Park, Vancouver, BC V6G 1Z4
Vancouver's largest urban park has beaches, trails & family attractions, plus a picturesque seawall.

Citations and other links

Aesthetic injectables Botox Clinic New Westminster

At Manhas Health Co., you're in the hands of experts who genuinely care about helping you look and feel your best. We're dedicated to providing you with the best possible outcomes, which is why we've invested heavily in the latest advancements in aesthetic medicine. Embark on a path with Manhas Health Co. that transforms your self-perception, boosting your confidence through personalized aesthetic treatments. Have you ever wondered how effective our personalized treatments can be?

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Laser therapy, for instance, can tackle a multitude of skin concerns, from reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles to improving skin texture and tone. You'll find that our approach is highly personalized. Botox for non-surgical facelift Moreover, their commitment to your satisfaction goes beyond the treatment room.

We'll then conduct a thorough assessment of your aesthetic needs, considering factors such as your skin type, facial structure, and overall health. These versatile treatments plunge into the world of cosmetic enhancement with the promise of instant volume, smoothing out wrinkles, and sculpting facial contours without the need for invasive surgery. Lastly, the results speak for themselves – they're designed to be natural-looking and long-lasting. Botox certification

The clinic's atmosphere is meticulously crafted to promote a sense of calm and relaxation. You've earned this moment of celebration, and it's time to let your natural beauty shine. You're probably wondering how it feels and how much time you'll need to commit.

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Botox for smoothing facial lines Botox Clinic New Westminster

While we've explored the skin rejuvenation benefits of Morpheus 8, it's also worth noting that PRP hair restoration offers a promising solution for those experiencing hair loss. Book your appointment today and experience the difference technology can make in your aesthetic journey. It's visibly reduced, leading to a more defined jawline and overall facial contour. Following your personalized consultation, we'll introduce you to our range of advanced aesthetic treatments, each designed to meet your specific needs and enhance your natural beauty. While these procedures are generally safe, understanding the risks can help you make an informed decision.

Over time, you'll notice your face achieving a more sculpted, toned appearance, as if you've turned back the clock. Sarah's journey began with apprehension, but after her personalized skincare regimen, she's now brimming with confidence, showcasing a radiant complexion that mirrors her inner vitality. Transitioning from Botox, you'll find that fillers offer another transformative path to rejuvenation and beauty at Manhas Health Co. Their testimonials underscore the transformative impact of Evolve-X, reinforcing that these aren't just temporary fixes but changes that enhance your lifestyle.

Feeling good about your intimate areas can profoundly impact your overall well-being and intimacy. It's also used to treat medical skin conditions, offering relief and improvements for issues like rosacea, acne scars, and even minor vascular concerns. Your first step involves a detailed consultation with our experts, who'll map out a custom plan designed just for you. Botox for muscle relaxation The good news is that Advanced Forma is a virtually painless procedure, with most clients describing a warm sensation akin to a hot stone massage.

Imagine walking in and, within a few sessions, seeing a transformation that aligns with your body goals-without the scalpel. Evolve-X isn't just a treatment; it's your shortcut to the body you've always wanted. Manhas Health Co. accepts various payment methods, including credit cards and PayPal, making the process smooth and secure. If you're curious about how these procedures can transform your skin, you're in the right place.

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Discover how real clients have transformed their self-esteem and appearance through our tailored aesthetic services. Lastly, you'll be directed to the payment page.

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You'll appreciate how Morpheus 8 can address a wide range of skin concerns beyond aging. Book your appointment today and step into a world where age is truly just a number.
From facial rejuvenation to body contouring, our state-of-the-art treatments are tailored to meet your individual needs, ensuring you get the results you're looking for with minimal downtime. Best Botox results New Westminster If you're battling acne scars or stretch marks, you'll find that Morpheus 8 can dramatically diminish their appearance, offering you a clearer, more even skin tone. What's more, you'll appreciate the minimal downtime associated with these laser treatments.
This includes astringents and alcohol-based toners. Botox for fine lines New Westminster You'll notice the difference a customized approach makes. If you've noticed fine lines, wrinkles, or a slight loss of elasticity in your skin, you might be an ideal candidate.

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You might wonder how it works. Lastly, your commitment to maintaining the results with a proper skincare routine and healthy lifestyle choices will ensure the longevity of your youthful glow. To ensure your journey towards enhancing your natural beauty is successful, our team at Manhas Health Co. comprises seasoned specialists in aesthetic care.

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Professional Botox Treatments Botox Clinic New Westminster

We prioritize safety and results, employing state-of-the-art technology and personalized protocols that align with your aesthetic goals. Moreover, Botox can alleviate chronic migraines by relaxing muscles that contribute to tension and pain. You're not just another client; you're a unique individual with specific aesthetic goals, and that's exactly how they treat you. This triple-threat approach not only reduces fat but also builds and strengthens muscles, and tightens the skin.

We'll explore the intricacies behind Evolve-X, how it compares to traditional methods, and why it could be the personalized approach you've been searching for. You're not just seeing a new you in the mirror; you're stepping into a version of yourself that feels empowered and renewed. Rarely, you might experience temporary changes in skin pigmentation, particularly if you don't follow post-treatment care instructions like avoiding sun exposure.

Pain and discomfort can be part of the recovery process, but they should be manageable with the prescribed pain relief methods or medications. It's designed to target those stubborn areas that don't seem to budge no matter how much you diet or exercise.

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You'll see a youthful glow that you might've thought was lost to time.

Before your scheduled treatment at Manhas Health Co, it's essential to properly prepare your skin to ensure the best possible results. Botox for eye lift There's a low risk of more significant side effects, such as changes in skin pigmentation, especially if you have a darker skin tone.

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It's quick and manageable, with cooling methods often applied to soothe the area immediately.

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They're not just experts in their field; they're also committed to continuous education, staying abreast of the latest advancements and technologies in aesthetic medicine. Aria Manhas, a board-certified dermatologist with over a decade of experience in aesthetic medicine. You're not just looking at a temporary fix but a long-term investment in your skin's health and appearance. It's a moment worth savoring, and there's no better way to do it than by embracing your newfound confidence.
Our state-of-the-art laser technology is designed to suit various skin types and tones, ensuring personalized care for every client. Botox for dark circles After your procedure, you'll need to follow specific guidelines to ensure a smooth and effective healing process. Manhas Health Co offers several cutting-edge techniques for vaginal rejuvenation, designed to meet the unique needs of each client.
In the quest for flawless skin, celebrities like Jennifer Aniston swear by treatments such as dermaplaning and chemical peels, a trend that's easily accessible at Manhas Health Co. This innovative body sculpting technology isn't just about transforming your physique; it's also engineered with your comfort and safety in mind. It's especially suited for those who wish for noticeable results but aren't ready or willing to commit to the downtime or risks associated with more invasive procedures.
Let's embark on this journey together. Your journey with us is a partnership, and we're dedicated to ensuring you feel supported, cared for, and satisfied throughout. We provide tailored aftercare advice to help you maintain and prolong the benefits of your procedures.

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Wrinkles on the face and hands are a typical sign of aging

A wrinkle, also known as a rhytid, is a fold, ridge or crease in an otherwise smooth surface, such as on skin or fabric. Skin wrinkles typically appear as a result of ageing processes such as glycation,[1] habitual sleeping positions,[2] loss of body mass, sun damage,[3] or temporarily, as the result of prolonged immersion in water. Age wrinkling in the skin is promoted by habitual facial expressions, aging, sun damage, smoking, poor hydration, and various other factors.[4] In humans, it can also be prevented to some degree by avoiding excessive solar exposure and through diet (in particular through consumption of carotenoids, tocopherols and flavonoids, vitamins (A, C, D and E), essential omega-3-fatty acids, certain proteins and lactobacilli).[5]

Skin

[edit]

Causes for aging wrinkles

[edit]
A woman of European origin with facial wrinkles

Development of facial wrinkles is a kind of fibrosis of the skin. Misrepair-accumulation aging theory suggests that wrinkles develop from incorrect repairs of injured elastic fibers and collagen fibers.[6][7][8] Repeated extensions and compressions of the skin cause repeated injuries of extracellular fibers in derma. During the repairing process, some of the broken elastic fibers and collagen fibers are not regenerated and restored but replaced by altered fibers. When an elastic fiber is broken in an extended state, it may be replaced by a "long" collagen fiber. Accumulation of "long" collagen fibers makes part of the skin looser and stiffer, and as a consequence, a big fold of skin appears. When a "long" collagen is broken in a compressed state, it may be replaced by a "short" collagen fiber. The "shorter" collagen fibers will restrict the extension of "longer" fibers, and make the “long" fibers in a folding state permanently. A small fold, namely a permanent wrinkle, then appears.

Sleep wrinkles

[edit]

Sleep wrinkles are created and reinforced when the face is compressed against a pillow or bed surface in side or stomach sleeping positions during sleep.[9] They appear in predictable locations due to the underlying superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS), and are usually distinct from wrinkles of facial expression.[10] As with wrinkles of facial expression, sleep wrinkles can deepen and become permanent over time, unless the habitual sleeping positions which cause the wrinkles are altered.[11]

Water-immersion wrinkling

[edit]
A wrinkled finger after a warm bath

The wrinkles that occur in skin over prolonged exposure to water are sometimes referred to as pruney fingers or water aging. This is a temporary skin condition where the skin on the palms of the hand or feet becomes wrinkly. This wrinkling response may have imparted an evolutionary benefit by providing improved traction in wet conditions,[12] and a better grasp of wet objects.[13] These results were called into question by a 2014 study that failed to reproduce any improvement of handling wet objects with wrinkled fingertips.[14] However, a 2020 study of gripping efficiency found that wrinkles decreased the force required to grip wet objects by 20%, supporting the traction hypothesis.[15]

Prior to a 1935 study, the common explanation was based on water absorption in the keratin-laden epithelial skin when immersed in water,[16] causing the skin to expand and resulting in a larger surface area, forcing it to wrinkle. Usually the tips of the fingers and toes are the first to wrinkle because of a thicker layer of keratin and an absence of hairs which secrete the protective oil called sebum.

Adult sole showing water immersion wrinkling

In the 1935 study, however, Lewis and Pickering were studying patients with palsy of the median nerve when they discovered that skin wrinkling did not occur in the areas of the patients' skin normally innervated by the damaged nerve. This suggested that the nervous system plays an essential role in wrinkling, so the phenomenon could not be entirely explained simply by water absorption. Recent research shows that wrinkling is related to vasoconstriction.[17][18] Water probably initiates the wrinkling process by altering the balance of electrolytes in the skin as it diffuses into the hands and soles via their many sweat ducts. This could alter the stability of the membranes of the many neurons that synapse on the many blood vessels underneath skin, causing them to fire more rapidly. Increased neuronal firing causes blood vessels to constrict, decreasing the amount of fluid underneath the skin. This decrease in fluid would cause a decrease in tension, causing the skin to become wrinkly.[19]

This insight resulted in bedside tests for nerve damage and vasoconstriction. Wrinkling is often scored with immersion of the hands for 30 minutes in water or EMLA cream with measurements steps of 5 minutes, and counting the number of visible wrinkles in time. Not all healthy persons have finger wrinkling after immersion, so it would be safe to say that sympathetic function is preserved if finger wrinkling after immersion in water is observed, but if the fingers emerge smooth it cannot be assumed that there is a lesion to the autonomic supply or to the peripheral nerves of the hand.[20]

Other animals with wrinkles

[edit]

Examples of wrinkles can be found in various animal species that grow loose, excess skin, particularly when they are young. Several breeds of dog, such as the Pug and the Shar Pei, have been bred to exaggerate this trait. In dogs bred for fighting, this is the result of selection for loose skin, which confers a protective advantage.[21]

Techniques for reducing the appearance of aging wrinkles

[edit]
A man receiving a botox injection

Current evidence suggests that tretinoin decreases cohesiveness of follicular epithelial cells, although the exact mode of action is unknown. Additionally, tretinoin stimulates mitotic activity and increased turnover of follicular epithelial cells.[22] Tretinoin is better known by the brand name Retin-A.

Topical glycosaminoglycans supplements can help to provide temporary restoration of enzyme balance to slow or prevent matrix breakdown and consequent onset of wrinkle formation. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are produced by the body to maintain structural integrity in tissues and to maintain fluid balance. Hyaluronic acid is a type of GAG that promotes collagen synthesis, repair, and hydration. GAGs serve as a natural moisturizer and lubricant between epidermal cells to inhibit the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).

Dermal fillers are injectable products frequently used to correct wrinkles, and other depressions in the skin. They are often a kind of soft tissue designed to enable injection into the skin for purposes of improving the appearance. The most common products are based on hyaluronic acid and calcium hydroxylapatite.

Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxin protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Botox is a specific form of botulinum toxin manufactured by Allergan for both therapeutic and cosmetic use. Besides its cosmetic application, Botox is used in the treatment of other conditions including migraine headache and cervical dystonia (spasmodic torticollis) (a neuromuscular disorder involving the head and neck).[23]

Dysport, manufactured by Ipsen, received FDA approval and is now used to treat cervical dystonia as well as glabellar lines in adults. In 2010, another form of botulinum toxin, one free of complexing proteins, became available to Americans. Xeomin received FDA approval for medical indications in 2010 and cosmetic indications in 2011.

Botulinum toxin treats wrinkles by immobilizing the muscles which cause wrinkles. It is not appropriate for the treatment of all wrinkles; it is indicated for the treatment of glabellar lines (between the eyebrows) in adults. Any other usage is not approved by the FDA and is considered off-label use.

Laser resurfacing is FDA-cleared skin resurfacing procedure in which lasers are used to improve the condition of the skin.[citation needed] Two types of lasers are used to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles on the face; laser ablation, which removes thin layers of skin, and nonablative lasers that stimulate collagen production. Nonablative lasers are less effective than ablative ones but they are less invasive and recovery time is short. After the procedure people experience temporary redness, itching and swelling.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Danby, FW (Jul–Aug 2010). "Nutrition and aging skin: sugar and glycation". Clin Dermatol. 4. 28 (4): 409–411. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.03.018. PMID 20620757.
  2. ^ American Academy of Dermatology. "Causes of Aging". AgingSkinNet. American Academy of Dermatology. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
  3. ^ Cosmetic Procedures for Wrinkles
  4. ^ Anderson, Laurence. 2006. Looking Good, the Australian guide to skin care, cosmetic medicine and cosmetic surgery. AMPCo. Sydney. ISBN 0-85557-044-X.
  5. ^ Schagen, S. K.; Zampeli, V. A.; Makrantonaki, E.; Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). "Discovering the link between nutrition and skin aging". Dermato-Endocrinology. 4 (3): 298–307. doi:10.4161/derm.22876. PMC 3583891. PMID 23467449.
  6. ^ Wang, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas; Wunderlin, Arne; Mahadeva, Ravi (2009). "Aging as a consequence of Misrepair—a novel theory of aging". arXiv:0904.0575 [q-bio.TO].
  7. ^ Wang-Michelitsch, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas (2015). "Aging as a process of accumulation of Misrepairs". arXiv:1503.07163 [q-bio.TO].
  8. ^ Wang-Michelitsch, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas (2015). "Tissue fibrosis: a principal evidence for the central role of Misrepairs in aging". arXiv:1505.01376 [q-bio.TO].
  9. ^ Sarifakioglu, Nedim; Terzioglu, A.; Ates, L.; Aslan, G. (2004). "A New Phenomenon: 'Sleep Lines' on the Face". Scan J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 38 (4): 244–247. doi:10.1080/02844310410027257. PMID 15370809. S2CID 25307487.
  10. ^ Fulton, James E.; Gaminchi, F. (1999). "Sleep Lines". Dermatol Surg. 25 (1): 59–62. doi:10.1046/j.1524-4725.1999.08073.x. PMID 9935097.
  11. ^ Sarifakioglu, Nedim; Terzioglu, A.; Ates, L.; Aslan, G. (2004). "A New Phenomenon: 'Sleep Lines' on the Face". Scan J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 38 (4): 244–247 [246]. doi:10.1080/02844310410027257. PMID 15370809. S2CID 25307487.
  12. ^ Mark Changizi; Romann Weber; Ritesh Kotecha; Joseph Palazzo (2011). "Are Wet-Induced Wrinkled Fingers Primate Rain Treads?". Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 77 (4): 286–90. doi:10.1159/000328223. PMID 21701145.
  13. ^ Kareklas, Kyriacos; Nettle, Daniel; Smulders, Tom V (January 9, 2013). "Water-induced finger wrinkles improve handling of wet objects". Biol. Lett. 9 (2): 20120999. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0999. PMC 3639753. PMID 23302867.
  14. ^ Haseleu, Julia; Omerbašić, Damir; Frenzel, Henning; Gross, Manfred; Lewin, Gary R. (2014). Goldreich, Daniel (ed.). "Water-Induced Finger Wrinkles Do Not Affect Touch Acuity or Dexterity in Handling Wet Objects". PLOS ONE. 9 (1): e84949. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...984949H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084949. PMC 3885627. PMID 24416318.
  15. ^ Davis, N. (8 November 2020). "Water-immersion finger-wrinkling improves grip efficiency in handling wet objects". bioRxiv 10.1101/2020.11.07.372631.
  16. ^ "Dr Karl's Homework – Skin Wrinkles in Water (26/1/2000)". Abc.net.au. 2000-01-26. Retrieved 2019-04-30.
  17. ^ Einar P.V. Wilder-Smith; Adeline Chow (2003). "Water-immersion wrinkeling is due to vasoconstriction". Muscle & Nerve. 27 (3): 307–311. doi:10.1002/mus.10323. PMID 12635117. S2CID 45193684.
  18. ^ Einar P. V. Wilder-Smith (2004). "Water immersion wrinkling". Clinical Autonomic Research. 14 (2): 125–131. doi:10.1007/s10286-004-0172-4. PMID 15095056. S2CID 44938772.
  19. ^ H. Zhai, K.P. Whilem H. L. Maibach (2007). Dermatotoxicology. pp. 280–281.
  20. ^ G Alvarez, J Eurolo; P Canales (1980). "Finger wrinkling after immersion in water". British Medical Journal. 281 (6240): 586–587. doi:10.1136/bmj.281.6240.586-a. PMC 1713922. PMID 7427379.
  21. ^ The Dog Encyclopedia: The Definitive Visual Guide. Penguin. 15 August 2023. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-7440-8513-6.
  22. ^ Stefanaki C, Stratigos A, Katsambas A (June 2005). "Topical retinoids in the treatment of photoaging". J Cosmet Dermatol. 4 (2): 130–4. doi:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2005.40215.x. PMID 17166212. S2CID 44702740.
  23. ^ Brin MF, Lew MF, Adler CH, Comella CL, Factor SA, Jankovic J, O'Brien C, Murray JJ, Wallace JD, Willmer-Hulme A, Koller M (1999). "Safety and efficacy of NeuroBloc (botulinum toxin type B) in type A-resistant cervical dystonia". Neurology. 53 (7): 1431–8. doi:10.1212/WNL.53.7.1431. PMID 10534247.
[edit]

Military Policlinic in Legionowo, Poland

A clinic (or outpatient clinic or ambulatory care clinic) is a health facility that is primarily focused on the care of outpatients. Clinics can be privately operated or publicly managed and funded. They typically cover the primary care needs of populations in local communities, in contrast to larger hospitals which offer more specialized treatments and admit inpatients for overnight stays.

Most commonly, the English word clinic refers to a general practice, run by one or more general practitioners offering small therapeutic treatments, but it can also mean a specialist clinic. Some clinics retain the name "clinic" even while growing into institutions as large as major hospitals or becoming associated with a hospital or medical school.

Etymology

[edit]
The entrance to a surgery clinic in Greenwich, London

The word clinic derives from Ancient Greek κλίνειν klinein meaning to slope, lean or recline. Hence κλίνη klinē is a couch or bed and κλινικός klinikos is a physician who visits his patients in their beds.[1] In Latin, this became clīnicus.[2][3]

An early use of the word clinic was "one who receives baptism on a sick bed".[4]

Overview

[edit]
A medpunkt (health care access point) delivers primary health care to the residents of the village of Veliki Vrag, Russia.

Clinics are often associated with a general medical practice run by one or several general practitioners. Other types of clinics are run by the type of specialist associated with that type: physical therapy clinics by physiotherapists and psychology clinics by clinical psychologists, and so on for each health profession. (This can even hold true for certain services outside the medical field: for example, legal clinics are run by lawyers.)

Some clinics are operated in-house by employers, government organizations, or hospitals, and some clinical services are outsourced to private corporations which specialize in providing health services. In China, for example, owners of such clinics do not have formal medical education. There were 659,596 village clinics in China in 2011.[5]

Health care in India, China, Russia and Africa is provided to those regions' vast rural areas by mobile health clinics or roadside dispensaries, some of which integrate traditional medicine. In India these traditional clinics provide ayurvedic medicine and unani herbal medical practice. In each of these countries, traditional medicine tends to be a hereditary practice.

Function

[edit]
Policlinic in Karl-Marx-Stadt, German Democratic Republic

The function of clinics differs from country to country. For instance, a local general practice run by a single general practitioner provides primary health care and is usually run as a for-profit business by the owner, whereas a government-run specialist clinic may provide subsidized or specialized[dubiousdiscuss] health care.

Some clinics serve as a place for people with injuries or illnesses to be seen by a triage nurse or other health worker. In these clinics, the injury or illness may not be serious enough to require a visit to an emergency room (ER), but the person can be transferred to one if needed.

Treatment at these clinics is often less expensive than it would be at a casualty department. Also, unlike an ER these clinics are often not open on a 24/7/365 basis. They sometimes have access to diagnostic equipment such as X-ray machines, especially if the clinic is part of a larger facility. Doctors at such clinics can often refer patients to specialists if the need arises.[6]

Large outpatient clinics

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Children Policlinic in Novokosino District of Moscow

Large outpatient clinics vary in size, but can be as large as hospitals.

Function

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Typical large outpatient clinics house general medical practitioners (GPs) such as doctors and nurses to provide ambulatory care and some acute care services but lack the major surgical and pre- and post-operative care facilities commonly associated with hospitals.

Policlinic in Vilnius-Karoliniškės, Lithuania

Besides GPs, if a clinic is a polyclinic, it can house outpatient departments of some medical specialties, such as gynecology, dermatology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, neurology, pulmonology, cardiology, and endocrinology. In some university cities, polyclinics contain outpatient departments for the entire teaching hospital in one building.

Internationally

[edit]
Policlinic in Písek, Czech Republic

Large outpatient clinics are a common type of healthcare facility in many countries, including France, Germany (long tradition), Switzerland, and most of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (often using a mixed Soviet-German model), as well as in former Soviet republics such as Russia and Ukraine;[7] and in many countries across Asia and Africa.[8]

In Europe, especially in the Central and Eastern Europe, bigger outpatient health centers, commonly in cities and towns, are called policlinics (derived from the word polis, not from poly-).

Recent[when?] Russian governments have attempted to replace the policlinic model introduced during Soviet times with a more western model. However, this has failed.[9]

In the Czech Republic, many policlinics were privatized or leasehold and decentralized in the post-communist era: some of them are just lessors and coordinators of a healthcare provided by private doctor's offices in the policlinic building.[10]

India has also set up huge numbers of polyclinics for former defense personnel. The network envisages 426 polyclinics in 343 districts of the country which will benefit about 33 lakh (3.3 million) ex-servicemen residing in remote and far-flung areas.[11]

Policlinics are also the backbone of Cuba's primary care system and have been credited with a role in improving that nation's health indicators.[12]

Mobile clinics

[edit]
Hinduja National Hospital's mobile clinic
A mobile health clinic operated from a truck

Providing health services through mobile clinics provides accessible healthcare services to these remote areas that have yet to make their way in the politicized space. For example, mobile clinics have proved helpful in dealing with new settlement patterns in Costa Rica. Before foreign aid organizations or the state government became involved in healthcare, Costa Rica's people managed their own health maintenance and protection.[13] People relied on various socio-cultural adaptations and remedies to prevent illnesses, such as personal hygiene and settlement patterns.[13] When new settlements that sprang up along the coast became "artificial" communities, and due to lack of traditional home healing practices here, alternative methods such as mobile clinics had to be implemented in these communities for the protection and prevention of diseases.[13]

A study done in rural Namibia revealed the health changes of orphans, vulnerable children and non-vulnerable children (OVC) visiting a mobile clinic where health facilities are far from the remote villages.[14] Over 6 months, information on immunization status, diagnosis of anemia, skin and intestinal disorders, nutrition, dental disorders was collected and showed that visits to mobile clinics improved the overall health of children that visited regularly. It concluded that specified "planning of these programs in areas with similarly identified barriers may help correct the health disparities among Namibian OVC and could be a first step in improving child morbidity and mortality in difficult-to-reach rural areas."[14]

A mobile clinic run from a pickup truck in Yemen

Food supplementation in the context of routine mobile clinic visits also shows to have improved the nutritional status of children, and it needs further exploration as a way to reduce childhood malnutrition in resource-scarce areas. A cross-sectional study focussed on comparing acute and chronic undernutrition rates prior to and after a food-supplementation program as an adjunct to routine health care for children of migrant workers residing in rural communities in the Dominican Republic.[15] Rates of chronic undernutrition decreased from 33% to 18% after the initiation of the food-supplementation program and shows that the community members attending the mobile clinics are not just passively receiving the information but are incorporating it and helping keep their children nourished.[15]

Types

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Storefront clinic in Manhattan

There are many different types of clinics providing outpatient services. Such clinics may be public (government-funded) or private medical practices.

  • A CLSC are in Quebec; they are a type of free clinic funded by the provincial government; they provide service not covered by Canada's healthcare plan including social workers
  • In the United States, a free clinic provides free or low-cost healthcare for those with little or without insurance.
  • A retail-based clinic is housed in supermarkets and similar retail outlets providing walk-in health care, which may be staffed by nurse practitioners.
  • A general out-patient clinic offers general diagnoses or treatments without an overnight stay.
  • A polyclinic or policlinic provides a range of healthcare services (including diagnostics) without need of an overnight stay
  • A specialist clinic provides advanced diagnostic or treatment services for specific diseases or parts of the body. This type contrasts with general out-patient clinics.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ κλινικός in A Greek–English Lexicon. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  2. ^ clinicus in A Latin Dictionary. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  3. ^ Partridge, Eric. Origins: A short etymological dictionary of modern English. Book Club Associates, 1966.
  4. ^ Clinic, Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.
  5. ^ "Statistical Communiqué on the 2011 National Economic and Social Development". stats.gov.cn. National Bureau of Statistics of China. 22 February 2012. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  6. ^ "Clinic search engine tools to find the right Clinic". 123 clinic. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  7. ^ NLH – Health Management – Policlinics. Retrieved 3 July 2008.[permanent dead link]
  8. ^ Google
  9. ^ Ershova I, Rider O, Gorelov V (December 2007). "Policlinics in London". Lancet. 370 (9603): 1890–1. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61793-0. PMID 18068500. S2CID 43512994.
  10. ^ David Rath: Trnitá cesta privatizace českého zdravotnictví, Hospodářské noviny, 10 September 1996
  11. ^ "199 Additional Polyclinics For Ex-Servicemen". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 26 May 2010.
  12. ^ Cuba's primary health care revolution: 30 years on, Bulletin of the World Health Organization
  13. ^ a b c Morgan, Lynn M. (February 1993). Community Participation in Health: The Politics of Primary Care in Costa Rica. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511558092. ISBN 978-0-521-41898-0. Retrieved 8 May 2020. cite book: |website= ignored (help)
  14. ^ a b Aneni, Ehimen; De Beer, Ingrid H.; Hanson, Laura; Rijnen, Bas; Brenan, Alana T.; Feeley, Frank G. (2013). "Mobile primary healthcare services and health outcomes of children in rural Namibia". Rural and Remote Health. 13 (3): 2380. ISSN 1445-6354. PMID 24016257.
  15. ^ a b Parikh, Kavita; Marein-Efron, Gabriela; Huang, Shirley; O'Hare, Geraldine; Finalle, Rodney; Shah, Samir S. (September 2010). "Nutritional Status of Children after a Food-Supplementation Program Integrated with Routine Health Care through Mobile Clinics in Migrant Communities in the Dominican Republic". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 83 (3): 559–564. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0485. ISSN 0002-9637. PMC 2929051. PMID 20810820.

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